(Barca meaning Thunderbolt) Who was Hannibal's father? Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (c. 275 - 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. This is the second and most important cause of the. Punic survivors fled, and all their baggage was captured along with Hannibal and thirty Carthaginian senators. Like ancient Carthage, Akre Leuca was not only a military center but also a culturally-advanced city in its time. However, as the rebels had no navy, Carthage could draw supplies from the sea and so did not face the threat of starvation. [88] Phoenician colonies were strung along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of southwestern Spain and exercised some degree of control over their immediate areas, but only had trading contacts, not direct control, over the tribes of Iberia at that time. Miles, Richard, Carthage Must be Destroyed, p. 198. [50] Hamilcar's former soldiers, who had been kept together only by his personal authority and by the promise of good pay, broke out into open mutiny once Hanno the Great tried to impose this, and marched on Carthage and encamped at Tunis. Hamilcar killed his prisoners and announced a policy of equal measure toward future rebel prisoners, thus ending any chance of desertion from the rebel army and the truceless war began in earnest. Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between[49] so the government could pay them off without trouble. Hannibal Barca, born Carthage 247 B.C, Hannibal Barcar was the son of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. Hamilcar Barca was a daring, intelligent young man. To forestall any such event, rebels committed an act of cruelty unpardonable by Carthage. The Carthaginians will evacuate all Sicily. Whatever was the motivation behind this act, it was resented by the mercenaries left behind in Sicily. Carthaginians celebrated Hannibals crossing of the Alps with coins that depicted his face on one side and an elephant on the other. Shop paperbacks, eBooks, and more! The Carthaginian leadership probably thought Rome had been defeated and invested little manpower in Sicily. [64] In response, Hamilcar began to harass the rebel supply lines and soon the rebels were placed in a state of siege. Carthage sent a mercenary force under Hanno to retake the island in 239 BC, but this group also rebelled, killing Hanno and their Carthaginian officers and joining the rebels in Sardinia. Hannibal Barca was one of the great generals of ancient times. Using a blend of terror and diplomacy Hamilcar relentlessly expanded his control over southern Spain. Early life [122] By the power of his personal influence among the mercenaries and the surrounding African peoples, superior strategy and some luck, as well as cooperation, if unenthusiastic, from Hanno the Great, Hamilcar crushed the revolt by 237 BC amid a war marked with cruel atrocities from both sides.[123]. Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (c. 275 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. [36] The better-trained Roman fleet[37] defeated a hastily raised, undermanned and ill-trained Punic fleet at battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, cutting Sicily off from Carthage. One historian commented that had he not been the father of Hannibal, Hamilcar's Sicilian front might have received scant notice. In various forms, the name . The success of Hamilcar and his family in Spain, which rebuilt Carthaginian finances and created a standing army, giving Carthage the means to resist Rome. [33] Hamilcar managed to inflict severe casualties on the Romans soon after, and when the Roman consul requested a truce to bury his dead, Hamilcar replied that his quarrel was with the living only and the dead had already settled their dues, and granted the truce.[34]. The Carthaginians needed to gain the far side of the Bagradas, so they could manoeuvre freely, but lacked the strength to force a crossing against the superior rebel force guarding against this. General who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264-241 BC). Hamilcar Barca (c. 285 - c. 228 av. Commercial Artist, Barber, Sign Language Interpreter, Blind Mobility Aide. was a great Carthaginian general and statesman in the First Punic War who firmly established Carthaginian rule in Spain. Epist. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. Omissions? But the rebels would sally out from their camp at Tunis and approach the city walls to cause terror inside the city. Books [69] The Punic generals pursued Matho's army and won several small-scale engagements. Barca was perhaps a family name, though more probably an epithet meaning lightning.. By the time Hamilcar had conquered southern and south-east Spain, Rome became suspicious of their old enemy's intentions. While Hamilcar won no large-scale battle or recaptured any cities lost to the Romans, he waged a relentless campaign against the enemy, and caused a constant drain on Roman resources. [15] Carthage did not take advantage of their naval supremacy and carry the war to Italy other than launching a few raids. According to Polybius and Livy, Hannibal's father Hamilcar Barca made the 9-year-old Hannibal dip his hand in blood and swear an oath of hatred against Rome. He defeated Rome 's allies at the Battle of Thermae in 259 BC and killed 4,000-6,000 of them with the help of surprise and good use of military intelligence. Corn Fleuron T083009-22.png 1,086 649; 65 KB. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamilcar-Barca. Sicily had been the principal battleground but had yet to see a decisive victory for either side. In an effort to reestablish their position, they decided to make a scapegoat of Hamilcar Barca. Legend suggests that before he embarked upon the Spanish campaign, Hannibals father (Hamilcar Barca) required the nine year old Hannibal to pledge his ever-lasting hatred of Rome. The second daughter was married to Hasdrubal the Fair. In the end in 237 bc Hamilcar won the war and in spite of his promises he had the leaders of the rebels crucified. Hanno the Great was aligned with them and they espoused peaceful relations with Rome, even at the cost of abandoning overseas territories. barak "lightning"), Carthaginian general and statesman, father of Hannibal, was born soon after 270 B.C. He divided his army: Hannibal took half of the soldiers and camped to the north of Tunis, while Hamilcar camped to the south, thus hemming in Matho's army in Tunis. But now the 20,000 man army had to be paid their full due. [60], According to another line of thought,[61] Hamilcars army marched in three separate columns, with the war elephants placed nearest the rebel army. Not only did the Carthaginians lose the First Punic War and so the control of Sicily but they were also compelled to pay huge reparations to Rome. Hannibal Barca was a renowned general and statesman. The war, which had started in 264 BC, continued after the Romans abandoned Africa; however, neither side gained a decisive advantage until 249 BC. His grandson, Hanno, was an important commander in the army of his son Hannibal. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. After the establishment of Akra Leuke, Hamilcar began to move northwest but no records of his campaigns exist. He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. Entrusted with naval operations, he immediately set out to attack and ravage the coastline of Lucania and Bruttium. [110] Massalia, probably alarmed by the Carthaginian advance towards their area of influence, mentioned this expansion to the Romans, who decided to investigate the matter. Deprived of leadership, and unaware of the pact, the mercenaries suspected treachery; the Libyans were the first to attack Hamilcar's positions. Themes. Hamilcar next raided Locri in Bruttium and the area around Brindisi in 247 BC. In 202 BCE, Hannibal was called back to Africa to defend Carthage against invading Roman military forces, and there he was finally defeated by Scipio Africanus at the battle of Zama. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Hamilcar Barca was a member of the Barcid clan of Carthage and the father of Hannibal Barca, Rome's most notorious enemy, who crossed the Alps and caused havoc in Italy in the Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE). The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. By the winter of 238 BC, the Mercenary revolt was over. Several office buildings, overlooking the harbor waters. Carthaginian warships were forbidden to sail along Italian shores or those of their allies. Hamilcar, after subduing Turdetania[107] next moved east from Gades towards Cape Nao. According to Appian, Hamilcar was thrown from his horse and drowned in a river,[116] but Polybius says he fell in battle in an unknown corner of Iberia against an unnamed tribe. However, if Hamilcar had hoped to recapture Panormus, he failed in his strategy. https://www.worldhistory.org/Hamilcar_Barca/. The Romans rejected these terms and appointed ten commissioners, led by Quantius Lutatius Cerco, brother of the consul and himself consul in 240 BC, to reexamine the conditions. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He was born in 247 BC to Hamilcar Barca who was also a chief in the Carthaginian army. Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). Carthage at this time was feeling the strain of the prolonged conflict. Thus, in 241, the First Punic War drew to a close with the establishment of a new imperial power in the West. [90] Several modern historians have interpreted this as Hannibal swearing to be a lifelong enemy of Rome bent on revenge,[91][92][93][94] while others hold that this interpretation is a distortion.[95][96][97]. Hamilcar then returned to Africa, where his mercenary troops, long unpaid, revolted in what is known as the Mercenaries War (or Truceless War). Hamilcar now had an army of 12,000 and 70 elephants with which to face the rebels. Hamilcar obtained permission from the Carthaginian Senate for recruiting and training a new army, with the immediate goal of securing the African domain of Carthage. According to Cornelius Nepot, "he provided the whole of Africa with horses, weapons, and money". Rome, which had dealt with Carthage with all due honor and courtesy during the crisis, going as far as to release all Punic prisoners without ransom and refuse to accept offers from Utica and Rebels mercenaries based in Sardinia to incorporate these territories into the Roman domain, seized Sardinia and Corsica and forced Carthage to pay 1,200 talents for her initial refusal to renounce her claim over the islands. All the black African looking coins have been carbon dated around the time that Hannibal was alive, but the Semitic looking coins are dated roughly a century or more after Hannibals death. Hamilcar probably fought an inconclusive battle at Drepanum,[22] but there is cause to doubt this.[24]. Hamilcar was a common Punic name; in fact, another general of the same name preceded him in command. [103] Negotiations with the "Tartessian" tribes were successfully concluded, but Hamilcar faced hostility from the Turdetani or Turduli tribe, near the foothills of modern Seville and Crdoba. Hamilcar was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 BC, when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. The seeds of that conflict, called Hannibals War even in antiquity, were sown by Hamilcars unforgiving and unyielding spirit against Rome and passed on to his sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal, and Mago. He is of average height for a gladiator, has tawny skin, and well-trimmed black hair with a small beard. He makes his first appearance when the series' events shift to Relic's Point, overseeing the research and . An unnamed fourth son is often referred to, but details are lacking. Accordingly, Hamilcar Barca was dispatched in 237 BCE to expand Carthaginian territory, which he did, establishing his base at Gades (Cadiz) and founding a new city of Acra Leuce. [86] Hamilcar's political clout in Carthage may have been enough to stifle any opposition in Carthage against his Iberian venture,[87] or he did face stiff opposition and had used the booty from his Iberian campaigns to buy his way out. Il mata ensuite une rbellion plus proche de chez lui entre 241 et 237 av. Hamilcar Barca 275-228 BC In respect of individual courage the Romans were far superior, but the general who must be acknowledged as the greatest on either side, both in daring and in genius, was Hamilcar, surnamed Barca. Hamilcar retired to Carthage after the peace treaty in 241 BC, following the defeat of Carthage. Hamilcar's sons, Hannibal and Hasdrubal, had accompanied him. Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264241 bce). These "Fabian tactics" continued until Hamilcar encamped in a valley, probably near Nepheris, and the rebels trapped his army, with the Libyans blocking the exit, Spendius and his troops camping near the Punic army and the Numidians covering Hamilcar's rear. The Iberians had support from Celtiberian tribes and were under the command of two chieftains, Istolatios and his brother. [51] The rebels divided their forces: detachments were sent to besiege Utica and Hippo, while others cut Carthage off from the mainland, probably in the winter of 241 BC or spring of 240 BC. The war started to improve for Carthage when they were aided by Rome, who repatriated captured Carthaginian soldiers for free, and the tyrant of Syracuse Hiero, who feared that without Carthage then Rome might act at will in the central Mediterranean. Hamilcar Barca, Kartacallarn lideri olan Hamilcar Barca, Roma'ya kar Sicilya adasnda baarl mcadeleler gstermitir. [43], Lutatius did not have the authority to ratify the agreement he made with Hamilcar, so he forwarded them to the Comitia Centuriata in Rome. History Themes. The war was now becoming particularly brutal with atrocities committed on both sides. The milder terms Rome had given to Carthage in the aftermath of the First Punic War, and the friendly conduct of Rome during the mercenary war might have raised the possibility of a long period of peace between the two powers, but the seizure of Sardinia destroyed any real chance of peace among equals. However, the rebels regrouped, and observing lax discipline among the Punic troops, launched a surprise sortie and routed the Punic army while Hanno was absent,[52] driving the survivors to Utica and capturing all the baggage. Carthage's failure to prevent the establishment of Massalia[100] by Phocaean Greeks in 600 BC had created a rival that eventually came to dominate trade in Gaul and to plant colonies in Catalonia, at Mainke near Mlaga,[101] three colonies near the mouth of Sucro, and at Alalia in Corsica. Hamilcar Barca, vel Barcas ( Punice , a barak, 'fulgur') (natus 270 a.C.n. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. World History Encyclopedia, 01 Jun 2016. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. He is responsible for designing and . If he had lived in the United . He was assigned the command in Sicily in 247 in the First Punic War (see Punic Wars). Hamilcar exited the valley and, after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of Spendius. [1] L Hamilcar the Carthaginian, son of Hannibal and surnamed Barca, in the First Punic War, but when it was nearly ended, was first put in command of an army in Sicily, when he was a very young man. His Punic name implies he is descended from Carthaginian colonists of Sardinia. This coin is the best representation of Hannibal. After the siege of Helice and betrayed by local allies, Hamilcar retreated and drowned while crossing a river in the winter of 229/228 BCE. The gloomy situation changed when first Syracuse and then Rome came to the aid of Carthage. The Turdetani surrendered. Until the rise to power of his son Hannibal, Hamilcar was the finest commander and statesman that Carthage had produced. Hamilcar crucified Spendius and other rebel hostages outside Tunis to terrorize Matho, but this backfired when the rebels were able to surprise and defeat Hannibal's army due to their lax discipline. First, Hamilcar broke the rebel siege of Carthage and then defeated an army led by Spendius near the Bagradas River. Furthermore, Hamilcar had invited Hanno the Great to join forces and try to end the rebellion as quickly as possible, but the generals failed to cooperate. During the Second Punic War, Hannibal inflicted crushing defeats on Roman armies, particularly in the battle of Cannae where 70,000 Romans died following the engagement. Carthage was a mixture of indigenous black Africans, Berber tribesmen, Semitic Arabs, white Celtic Germanic warriors, Greek sojourners, and white Libyan tribesmen that existed when many Phoenician cities and colonies decorated North Africa. Hamilcar Barca ( c. 270 -228 BC) served as a Carthaginian general during and after the First Punic War. 23 Hamilcar Barca Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 23 Hamilcar Barca Premium High Res Photos Browse 23 hamilcar barca stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. He met fierce resistance from the Iberia tribes, even the friendly Bastetani offered battle. Second Punic War In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce ), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264-241 bce ). [59], It is not exactly known how Hamilcar managed to outwit the rebels. Castellacio, 7 miles north-west of Palermo),[26] and not only maintained himself against all attacks, but carried on with his seaborne raids ranging from Catana[27] in Sicily to as far as Cumae in central Italy. For at a time when some say Hannibal was black and others that he was white, De Sousa tells us (and other ancient Iberian historians agree) that Hamilcar Barca had taken a Lusitanian woman as bride and had children by her. Cartwright, Mark. Territories During the Second Punic WarJavierfv1212 (CC BY-SA). Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. Because Carthaginians kept no written chronicles of Hannibals life, historical knowledge of Hannibal was based upon Carthaginian oral traditions and entirely on Roman written records. Of the eight coins, only five coins are not recognized by European archeologists and historians. Miles, Richard, Carthage Must be Destroyed, p. 193, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p. 145, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p. 146, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p147, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p148, Lazenby, John .F, The First Punic War, p. 157, Diodorus Siculus 24.13, Cornelius Nepos, Hamilcar, 1.5, Bagnall, Nigel, The Punic Wars, pp. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247BC to 241BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. To preempt the danger he issued a challenge in front of the city for single combat between him and the Skaven horde. [25] On his return he seized a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, just north of Palermo or Mt. [18] With a small force and no money to hire new troops, Hamilcar's strategic goal probably was to maintain a stalemate, as he had neither the resources to win the war nor the authority to peacefully settle it. Carthaginian leadership requested terms to the victorious Roman commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus and authorised Hamilcar Barca to open negotiations, probably to avoid the responsibility of the defeat. ; Carthaginian general; commanded Carthage's forces in Sicily (247-241) during the First Punic War against Rome; traveled to Spain (237) to rebuild Carthaginian influences there; drowned during the withdrawal from the siege of Helice in 229) [56] Hamilcar had managed to train his new recruits in some drill and basic battlefield maneuvers before they left Carthage. Legend tells that he founded the port of Barcino (deriving its name from the Barca family), which was later adopted and used by the Roman Empire and is, today, the city of Barcelona. [75] The Mercantile Class, whose interests were hurt by the war, and would be marginalized by the abandonment of overseas operations, also supported this faction. In respect of individual courage the Romans were far superior, but the general who must be acknowledged as the greatest on either side, both in daring and in genius, was . America's Black dilemma Hamilcar then resigned his command but he would be needed again within months. Hamilcar Barca: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary Carthaginian General Kindle Edition by Charles River Editors (Author) Format: Kindle Edition 5 ratings See all formats and editions Kindle $0.00 Read with Kindle Unlimited to also enjoy access to over 3 million more titles $3.99 to buy Paperback $8.99 1 Used from $10.20 4 New from $8.99 *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Hamilcar Barca (d. 229/8 B.C.) The Undefeated army now created a unique problem for Carthage. Greek piracy had forced Carthage to team up with the Etruscans to drive the Greeks from Corsica, and destroy the colony at Mainke in Iberia. HAMILCAR BARCA, or Barcas (Heb. By this time he had three daughters, and his son Hannibal was born during the same year. America's Black dilemma [Barca, Hamilcar] on Amazon.com. However, the Carthaginian authorities waited until the whole army had gathered at Carthage, probably by the summer of 241 BC. Hamilcar was a Carthaginian commander whose greatest achievement was winning the Battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the First Punic War. Hamilcar Barca was a daring, intelligent young man. Education. [79] The influence Hamilcar enjoyed among the people and the opposition party enabled him to avoid standing trial. One of his most famous achievements was at the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hercte west of Panormus. Livy states Hanno son of Hamilcar in 204 BC left Carthage with 4,000 cavalry and never came back. Iussit hortos claros Hamilcaris fieri qui stabant " Megarae, suburbio Carthaginis". Carthaginians may have taken control of the mining operations and introduced new technologies to increase production. The Romans responded by blockading Hamilcar, but he seems to have been able to break out regularly and continue his guerrilla tactics. Thank you! Hamilcar Barca (ca. Autaritus spread the rumor that Carthaginian prisoners led by Gisco were plotting to escape. It is possible that Hamilcar Barca secured the last clause after the initial conditions, which were more favorable to Carthage, was altered by Rome with a harsher one. Hamilcar Barca. "Hamilcar Barca." The rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender. [57] As the two rebel forces came into clear sight the Carthaginians wheeled, and marched away. Browse 50 hamilcar barca stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Autaritus announced that he would do the same with all Punic prisoners that fell into rebel hands in future. Hamilcar had split his forces in the winter of 228 BC, Hasdrubal the Fair was sent on a separate campaign, while Hamilcar besieged an Iberian town, then sent the bulk of his troops to winter quarters at Akra Leuke. Once more Hamilcar was asked to clear the mess. [59] The modern historian Dexter Hoyos stresses that "[s]uch manoeuvres were about the simplest that any army could learn, once it mastered the absolute basics of marching in formation". Suggesting that the old coin depicts Hannibal simply because the back depicts and elephant seems like wishful thinking. The daylight outside was beginning to strike on the folding shutters of black lattice-work. Since the coins male image is shown in the way Apollo, the Roman and Greek sun god, was depicted, indicates that he wasnt a common warrior riding a war elephant, but he was a high ranking military commander. His third daughter married the Berber ally Naravas,[120] a Numidian chieftain whose defection had saved Hamilcar and his army during the mercenary war. Hamilcar Barca "Carthaginian general, led forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War. Hamilcar had three sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago, who were all to have distinguished military careers. Their heavy handedness with Sardinian natives caused native Sardinians to attack and expel the mercenaries by 237 BC. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair.The name Hamilcar (Punic-Phoenician mlqrt, "brother of Melqart") was a common name for Carthaginian men. [11] It was to be seven years before Rome again attempted to field a substantial fleet.[12][13]. Hannibal whose full name is Chenu Bechola Barca was an intelligent warrior of Carthaginian . Hamilcar and the Barcid line would now dominate the Carthaginian political and military arenas for the next 35 years. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Carthage will ransom all Punic prisoners, while all Roman prisoners would be freed without payment of ransom. Worldhistory.us - For those who want to understand the History, not just to read it. Media in category "Hamilcar Barca". Valerius Maximus has Hamilcar speak of "four lion's whelps which I have raised to exterminate the Roman name. Hamilcar's army either crossed the Straits of Gibraltar into Iberia from West Africa[88] or, having returned to Carthage after the African activities, sailed along the African coast to Gades. Hamilcar's other two sons were Hasdrubal Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, both of whom commanded during the Second Punic War. Our Team Hamilcar Barca was recalled from Sicily and he joined Hanno the Great, who had made significant conquests in Libya while Hamilcar had been in Sicily, to quash the rebellion. Hamilcar simply replied that he was fighting to gather enough booty to pay off the war indemnity. The Carthaginian government then raised an army of 10,000 soldiers and 70 elephants and put Hamilcar Barca in command. He made no attempt to join Hanno near Utica. Hamilcar besieged Indortes, tortured and crucified him after his surrender but allowed 10,000 of the captured enemy soldiers to go home.[105]. [17] During one of the raids, when troops under a subordinate commander named Bodostor engaged in plunder against the orders of Hamilcar and suffered severe casualties when the Romans caught up to them, Hamilcar requested a truce to bury his dead. The town, called Helike, is commonly identified with Elche, but given that it is situated close to Hamilcar's base at Akra Leuke from which he could readily draw reinforcement, it cannot be the place where the following events unfolded. Treaty in 241, the Carthaginian army now had an army of son... 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