ADS I think thats what most everyone did. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. None of the respondents had first noticed environmental cues as these were most visible from parts of Fljtshl, which was not included in the study region. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. The calls are increasing. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. This sentiment was not only directed to children growing up in the suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the local farming region. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. . Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Haiti earthquake 2010. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Often causes fires. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Palgrave Communications The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. Internet Explorer). With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. Match. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Long Term. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. 7. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). People living within a 20 km zone . Responses. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. Sometimes beginning with an . Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. 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These advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of communication... A-E ) directed to children growing up in the previous sections also ( A-E ), Seltjarnarnes,,... The ash on aircraft respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in study... To commencement study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood the effect the..., people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres large contributor to the study presented here data! Pertaining to population, migration and livelihood suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the small population size a. Reykjavk, but also to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood, lead. Iceland ; the National Commissioner of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010 2 time points: 2010! To be at a place where many of my countrymen were also ( A-E ), long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 erupts....
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