large versionFigure 12: Peer utility links. Specifically, DOD could develop a campaign plan for a threat-hunting capability that takes a risk-based approach to analyzing threat intelligence and assessing likely U.S. and allied targets of adversary interest. U.S. strategy focuses on the credible employment of conventional and nuclear weapons capabilities, and the relative sophistication, lethality, and precision of these capabilities over adversaries, as an essential element of prevailing in what is now commonly described as Great Power competition (GPC).18 Setting aside important debates about the merits and limitations of the term itself, and with the important caveat that GPC is not a strategy but rather describes a strategic context, it is more than apparent that the United States faces emerging peer competitors.19 This may be due to changes in the military balance of power that have resulted in a relative decline in Americas position, or China and Russia reasserting their influence regionally and globallyor a combination of these factors.20 While the current strategic landscape is distinct from both the Cold War and the period immediately following, deterrence as a strategic concept is again at the crux of U.S. strategy but with new applications and challenges. MAD Security aims to assist DOD contractors in enhancing their cybersecurity efforts and avoiding popular vulnerabilities. It is an open-source tool that cybersecurity experts use to scan web vulnerabilities and manage them. 33 Austin Long, A Cyber SIOP? This may allow an attacker who can sneak a payload onto any control system machine to call back out of the control system LAN to the business LAN or the Internet (see Figure 7). 2 The United States has long maintained strategic ambiguity about how to define what constitutes a use of force in any domain, including cyberspace, and has taken a more flexible stance in terms of the difference between a use of force and armed attack as defined in the United Nations charter. (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. For instance, deterrence may have more favorable prospects when it focuses on deterring specific types of behavior or specific adversaries rather than general cyber deterrence.30, Notably, there has been some important work on the feasibility of cross-domain deterrence as it pertains to the threat of employing noncyber kinetic capabilities to deter unwanted behavior in cyberspace. 14 Schelling, Arms and Influence; Erica D. Borghard and Shawn W. Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace, Security Studies 26, no. Ibid., 25. DOD must additionally consider incorporating these considerations into preexisting table-top exercises and scenarios around nuclear force employment while incorporating lessons learned into future training.67 Implementing these recommendations would enhance existing DOD efforts and have a decisive impact on enhancing the security and resilience of the entire DOD enterprise and the critical weapons systems and functions that buttress U.S. deterrence and warfighting capabilities. 1 (2017), 3748. George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 147157; and Justin Sherman, How the U.S. Can Prevent the Next Cyber 9/11, Wired, August 6, 2020, available at . Users are shown instructions for how to pay a fee to get the decryption key. See the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recent report, available at . Around 68% of companies have been said to experience at least one endpoint attack that compromised their data or infrastructure. Poor or nonexistent cybersecurity practices in legacy weapons systems may jeopardize the new systems they connect to, and the broader system itself, because adversaries can exploit vulnerabilities in legacy systems (the weakest link in the chain) to gain access to multiple systems.50 Without a systematic process to map dependencies across complex networked systems, anticipating the cascading implications of adversary intrusion into any given component of a system is a challenge. 23 For some illustrative examples, see Robert Jervis, Some Thoughts on Deterrence in the Cyber Era, Journal of Information Warfare 15, no. For example, as a complement to institutionalizing a continuous process for DOD to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of weapons systems, the department could formalize a capacity for continuously seeking out and remediating cyber threats across the entire enterprise. This is why the commission recommends that DOD develop and designate a force structure element to serve as a threat-hunting capability across the entire DOD Information Network (DODIN), thus covering the full range of nonnuclear to nuclear force employment. Streamlining public-private information-sharing. A single firewall is administered by the corporate IT staff that protects the control system LAN from both the corporate LAN and the Internet. Course Library: Common Cyber Threat Indicators and Countermeasures Page 8 Removable Media The Threat Removable media is any type of storage device that can be added to and removed from a computer while the system is running.Adversaries may use removable media to gain access to your system. Abstract For many years malicious cyber actors have been targeting the industrial control systems (ICS) that manage our critical infrastructures. They generally accept any properly formatted command. Strengthening the cybersecurity of systems and networks that support DOD missions, including those in the private sector and our foreign allies and partners. Common Confusion between Patch and Vulnerability Management in CMMC Compliance, MAD Security Partners with OpenText Response to improve response time to cyber threats and shrink the attack surface, Analyzing regulations compliance of the current system. 49 Leading Edge: Combat Systems Engineering & Integration (Dahlgren, VA: NAVSEA Warfare Centers, February 2013), 9; Aegis Weapon System, available at . For example, there is no permanent process to periodically assess the vulnerability of fielded systems, despite the fact that the threat environment is dynamic and vulnerabilities are not constant. Tomas Minarik, Raik Jakschis, and Lauri Lindstrom (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2018), available at ; Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. Items denoted by a * are CORE KSATs for every Work Role, while other CORE KSATs vary by Work Role. Nevertheless, the stakes remain high to preserve the integrity of core conventional and nuclear deterrence and warfighting capabilities, and efforts thus far, while important, have not been sufficiently comprehensive. Most control systems have some mechanism for engineers on the business LAN to access the control system LAN. CISA is part of the Department of Homeland Security, Understanding Control System Cyber Vulnerabilities, Sending Commands Directly to the Data Acquisition Equipment, Through discovery, gain understanding of the process. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: a. It, therefore, becomes imperative to train staff on avoiding phishing threats and other tactics to keep company data secured. Falcon 9 Starlink L24 rocket successfully launches from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, April 28, 2021 (U.S. Space Force/Joshua Conti), Educating, Developing and Inspiring National Security Leadership, Photo By: Mark Montgomery and Erica Borghard, Summary: Department of Defense Cyber Strategy, (Washington, DC: Department of Defense [DOD], 2018), available at <, 8/Sep/18/2002041658/-1/-1/1/CYBER_STRATEGY_SUMMARY_FINAL.PDF, Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority: Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command, (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyber Command, 2018), available at <, https://www.cybercom.mil/Portals/56/Documents/USCYBERCOM%20Vision%20April%202018.pdf?ver=2018-06-14-152556-010, The United States has long maintained strategic ambiguity about how to define what constitutes a, in any domain, including cyberspace, and has taken a more flexible stance in terms of the difference between a. as defined in the United Nations charter. The Cyberspace Solarium Commissions March 2020 report details a number of policy recommendations to address this challenge.59 We now unpack a number of specific measures put forth by the Cyberspace Solarium Commission that Congress, acting in its oversight role, along with the executive branch could take to address some of the most pressing concerns regarding the cyber vulnerabilities of conventional and nuclear weapons systems. Additionally, in light of the potentially acute and devastating consequences posed by the possibility of cyber threats to nuclear deterrence and command and control, coupled with ongoing nuclear modernization programs that may create unintended cyber risks, the cybersecurity of nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) and National Leadership Command Capabilities (NLCC) should be given specific attention.65 In Section 1651 of the FY18 NDAA, Congress created a requirement for DOD to conduct an annual assessment of the resilience of all segments of the nuclear command and control system, with a focus on mission assurance. The program grew out of the success of the "Hack the Pentagon". One study found that 73% of companies have at least 1 critical security misconfiguration that could potentially expose them to an attack. Upgrading critical infrastructure networks and systems (meaning transportation channels, communication lines, etc.) As DOD begins to use and incorporate emerging technology, such as artificial intelligence, into its weapons platforms and systems, cybersecurity will also need to be incorporated into the early stages of the acquisitions process. Ransomware is a form of cyber-extortion in which users are unable to access their data until a ransom is paid. Federal and private contractor systems have been the targets of widespread and sophisticated cyber intrusions. Specifically, Congress now calls for the creation of a concept of operations, as well as an oversight mechanism, for the cyber defense of nuclear command and control.66 This effectively broadens the assessment in the FY18 NDAA beyond focusing on mission assurance to include a comprehensive plan to proactively identify and mitigate cyber vulnerabilities of each segment of nuclear command and control systems. This paper presents a high-level, unclassified overview of threats and vulnerabilities surrounding the U.S. Navy's network systems and operations in cyberspace. The second most common architecture is the control system network as a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) off the business LAN (see Figure 4). 57 National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Supply Chain Risk Management: Reducing Threats to Key U.S. Supply Chains (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2020), available at . Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) is defined in DoD Directive 5240.06 as "any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private, or . Common practice in most industries has a firewall separating the business LAN from the control system LAN. JFQ. If cybersecurity requirements are tacked on late in the process, or after a weapons system has already been deployed, the requirements are far more difficult and costly to address and much less likely to succeed.53 In 2016, DOD updated the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations Supplement (DFARS), establishing cybersecurity requirements for defense contractors based on standards set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. large versionFigure 16: Man-in-the-middle attacks. In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. See also Martin C. Libicki, David Senty, and Julia Pollak, Hackers Wanted: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market, Julian Jang-Jaccard and Surya Nepal, A Survey of Emerging Threats in Cybersecurity,. Automation and large-scale data analytics will help identify cyberattacks and make sure our systems are still effective. National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Supply Chain Risk Management: Reducing Threats to Key U.S. Supply Chains, (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2020), available at <, https://www.dni.gov/files/NCSC/documents/supplychain/20200925-NCSC-Supply-Chain-Risk-Management-tri-fold.pdf, For a strategy addressing supply chain security at the national level, beyond DOD and defense institution building. Veteran owned company dedicated to safeguarding your business and strengthening your security posture while maintaining compliance with cost-effect result-driven solutions. Nearly every production control system logs to a database on the control system LAN that is then mirrored into the business LAN. As adversaries cyber threats become more sophisticated, addressing the cybersecurity of DODs increasingly advanced and networked weapons systems should be prioritized. This has led to a critical gap in strategic thinkingnamely, the cross-domain implications of cyber vulnerabilities and adversary cyber operations in day-to-day competition for deterrence and warfighting above the level of armed conflict. 51 Office of Inspector General, Progress and Challenges in Securing the Nations Cyberspace (Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, July 2004), 136, available at . As businesses become increasingly dependent on technology, they also reach out to new service providers that can help them handle their security needs better. Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Attn: Ms. Kimberly Ziegler, OUSD(A&S)DPC(DARS), 3060 . Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion; Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion. As weapon systems become more software- and IT-dependent and more networked, they actually become more vulnerable to cyber-invasion. (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2018), available at <, https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF, ; Jon Lindsay, Digital Strangelove: The Cyber Dangers of Nuclear Weapons,, https://www.lawfareblog.com/digital-strangelove-cyber-dangers-nuclear-weapons, >; Paul Bracken, The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability,, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, AY22-23 North Campus Key Academic Dates Calendar, Digital Signature and Encryption Controls in MS Outlook, https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ232/PLAW-115publ232.pdf, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. To support a strategy of full-spectrum deterrence, the United States must maintain credible and capable conventional and nuclear capabilities. Dr. Erica Borghard is a Resident Senior Fellow in the New American Engagement Initiative, ScowcroftCenter for Strategy and Security, at the Atlantic Council. A skilled attacker can reconfigure or compromise those pieces of communications gear to control field communications (see Figure 9). Operational Considerations for Strategic Offensive Cyber Planning, Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. To strengthen congressional oversight and drive continued progress and attention toward these issues, the requirement to conduct periodic vulnerability assessments should also include an after-action report that includes current and planned efforts to address cyber vulnerabilities of interdependent and networked weapons systems in broader mission areas, with an intent to gain mission assurance of these platforms. Some key works include Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better. We also describe the important progress made in the fiscal year (FY) 2021 NDAA, which builds on the commissions recommendations. . 38 Valerie Insinna, Inside Americas Dysfunctional Trillion-Dollar Fighter-Jet Program, The New York Times Magazine, August 21, 2019, available at . The strategic consequences of the weakening of U.S. warfighting capabilities that support conventionaland, even more so, nucleardeterrence are acute. Also, improvements in Russias military over the past decade have reduced the qualitative and technological gaps between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Below are some of my job titles and accomplishments. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. Each control system LAN typically has its own firewall protecting it from the business network and encryption protects the process communication as it travels across the business LAN. 40 DOD Office of Inspector General, Audit of the DoDs Management of the Cybersecurity Risks for Government Purchase Card Purchases of the Commercial Off-the-Shelf Items, i. Art, To What Ends Military Power?, Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace,. True Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? Even more concerning, in some instances, testing teams did not attempt to evade detection and operated openly but still went undetected. As Jacquelyn Schneider notes, this type of deterrence involves the use of punishment or denial across domains of warfighting and foreign policy to deter adversaries from utilizing cyber operations to create physical or virtual effects.31 The literature has also examined the inverse aspect of cross-domain deterrencenamely, how threats in the cyber domain can generate instability and risk for deterrence across other domains. 61 HASC, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021: Conference Report to Accompany H.R. The DoD Cyber Crime Centers DoD Vulnerability Disclosure Program discovered over 400 cybersecurity vulnerabilities to national security. 19 For one take on the Great Power competition terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at . - Cyber Security Lead: After becoming qualified by the Defense Information Systems Agency in the field of vulnerability reviewer utilizing . A telematics system is tightly integrated with other systems in a vehicle and provides a number of functions for the user. By inserting commands into the command stream the attacker can issue arbitrary or targeted commands. Part of this is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB. A system could be exploited through a single vulnerability, for example, a single SQL Injection attack could give an attacker full control over sensitive data. DOD and the Department of Energy have been concerned about vulnerabilities within the acquisitions process for emerging technologies for over a decade.51 Insecure hardware or software at any point in the supply chain could compromise the integrity of the ultimate product being delivered and provide a means for adversaries to gain access for malicious purposes. Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Chinese state-sponsored cyber actors. The vulnerability is due to a lack of proper input validation of . To understand the vulnerabilities associated with control systems (CS), you must first know all of the possible communications paths into and out of the CS. 115232August 13, 2018, 132 Stat. Fort Lesley J. McNair Additionally, the scope and challenge in securing critical military networks and systems in cyberspace is immense. John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. False 3. Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. Army Gen. Martin Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, recently told the Defense Media Activity the private sector's cyber vulnerabilities also threaten national security because the military depends on commercial networks. Control is generally, but not always, limited to a single substation. On January 5, 2022, the largest county in New Mexico had several county departments and government offices taken offline during a ransomware attack. Cyber criminals consistently target businesses in an attempt to weaken our nation's supply chain, threaten our national security, and endanger the American way of life. Figure 1 presents various devices, communications paths, and methods that can be used for communicating with typical process system components. several county departments and government offices taken offline, 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute. FY16-17 funding available for evaluations (cyber vulnerability assessments and . A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. CISA and its partners, through the Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative, are responding to active, widespread exploitation of a critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability ( CVE-2021-44228) in Apache's Log4j software library, versions 2.0-beta9 to 2.14.1, known as "Log4Shell." A typical network architecture is shown in Figure 2. large versionFigure 2: Typical two-firewall network architecture. 17 This articles discussion of credibility focuses on how cyber operations could undermine the credibility of conventional and nuclear deterrence, rather than the challenge of how to establish credible deterrence using cyber capabilities. The hacker group looked into 41 companies, currently part of the DoDs contractor network. For this, we recommend several assessments to gain a complete overview of current efforts: Ransomware is an increasing threat to many DOD contractors. This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. Washington, DC 20319-5066. 35 Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. The attacker must know how to speak the RTU protocol to control the RTU. Mark Montgomery is Executive Director of the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission and SeniorDirector of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Center on Cyber and Technology Innovation. Because many application security tools require manual configuration, this process can be rife with errors and take considerable . The operator can interact with the system through the HMI displays to remotely operate system equipment, troubleshoot problems, develop and initiate reports, and perform other operations. (London: Macmillan, 1989); Robert Powell, Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for Credibility. Estimates claim 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute, with 58% of all malware being trojan accounts. Based on this analysis, this capability could proactively conduct threat-hunting against those identified networks and assets to seek evidence of compromise, identify vulnerabilities, and deploy countermeasures to enable early warning and thwart adversary action. It is now mandatory for companies to enhance their ransomware detection capabilities, as well as carry ransomware insurance. For a notable exception, see Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, eds., Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the Peoples Republic of China 2020, The spread of advanced air defenses, antisatellite, and cyberwarfare capabilities has given weaker actors the ability to threaten the United States and its allies. For instance, it did not call for programs to include cyberattack survivability as a key performance parameter.52 These types of requirements are typically established early in the acquisitions process and drive subsequent system design decisionmaking. Overall, its estimated that 675,000 residents in the county were impacted. Counterintelligence Core Concerns These include the SolarWinds breach,1 ransomware attacks on Colonial Pipeline2 and the JBS meat processing company,3 and a compromise of the email systems of the U.S. Agency for International Development.4 U.S. officials have indicated their belief that Russia either sponsored . Some reports estimate that one in every 99 emails is indeed a phishing attack. Cyber threats to these systems could distort or undermine their intended uses, creating risks that these capabilities may not be reliably employable at critical junctures. 56 Federal Acquisition Regulation: Prohibition on Contracting with Entities Using Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment, Federal Register, July 14, 2020, available at . However, adversaries could compromise the integrity of command and control systemsmost concerningly for nuclear weaponswithout exploiting technical vulnerabilities in the digital infrastructure on which these systems rely. This website uses cookies to help personalize and improve your experience. The easiest way to control the process is to send commands directly to the data acquisition equipment (see Figure 13). . 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. This not only helps keep hackers out, it isolates the control system network from outages, worms, and other afflictions that occur on the business LAN. Subscribe to our newsletter and get the latest news and updates. This often includes maintenance planning, customer service center, inventory control, management and administration, and other units that rely on this data to make timely business decisions. Therefore, DOD must also evaluate how a cyber intrusion or attack on one system could affect the entire missionin other words, DOD must assess vulnerabilities at a systemic level. While the United States has ostensibly deterred strategic cyberattacks above the threshold of armed conflict, it has failed to create sufficient costs for adversaries below that threshold in a way that would shape adversary behavior in a desired direction.1 Effectively, this tide of malicious behavior represents a deterrence failure for strategic cyber campaigns below the use-of-force threshold; threat actors have not been dissuaded from these types of campaigns because they have not perceived that the costs or risks of conducting them outweigh the benefits.2 This breakdown has led to systemic and pervasive efforts by adversaries to leverage U.S. vulnerabilities and its large attack surface in cyberspace to conduct intellectual property theftincluding critical national security intellectual propertyat scale, use cyberspace in support of information operations that undermine Americas democratic institutions, and hold at risk the critical infrastructure that sustains the U.S. economy, national security, and way of life. In a typical large-scale production system utilizing SCADA or Distributed Control System (DCS) configuration there are many computer, controller and network communications components integrated to provide the operational needs of the system. The consequences are significant, particularly in the nuclear command and control realm, because not employing a capability could undermine positive and negative control over nuclear weapons and inevitably the stability of nuclear deterrence. Heartbleed came from community-sourced code. Also, , improvements in Russias military over the past decade have reduced the qualitative and technological gaps between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1 (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. A new trend is to install a data DMZ between the corporate LAN and the control system LAN (see Figure 6). L. No. . This page contains a web-friendly version of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's Binding Operational Directive 19-02, "Vulnerability Remediation Requirements for Internet-Accessible Systems". Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. Work remains to be done. DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . While the Pentagon report has yet to be released, a scathing report on Defense Department weapons systems [2] published early this October by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) [] Security vulnerabilities refer to flaws that make software act in ways that designers and developers did not intend it to, or even expect. J. McNair Additionally, the scope and challenge in securing critical military networks and systems in a and! Networks that support DoD missions, including those in the world aims to assist DoD contractors in enhancing cybersecurity. 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Job titles and accomplishments Figure 9 ) becomes imperative to train staff on avoiding phishing threats and other tactics keep!, Journal of cybersecurity 3, no various devices, communications paths, methods. Arbitrary or targeted commands key works include Kenneth N. Waltz, the scope and challenge in critical! Allows the military to gain informational cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include, strike targets remotely and Work anywhere... For companies to enhance their ransomware detection capabilities, as well, the... Strategic consequences of the success of the success of the success of the success of the U.S. cyber. See the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recent report, available at < www.solarium.gov.... Four pillars of the success of the weakening of U.S. warfighting capabilities that support conventionaland, more. A ransom is paid data acquisition equipment ( see Figure 13 ) cyber strategy while CORE... 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